Peptide articles and guides

How Do Telomeres Impact Aging and Autophagy?

## Loss of Telomere Leads to p53 and Autophagy Induced Cell Death. “autophagy-deficient cells … continued to proliferate and bypassed crisis” (2) "In summary, cells in telomere crisis undergo cell death through autophagy, which is triggered by chromosome breakage and transduced by the cGAS–STING pathway. As cell death in crisis represents the final barrier against neoplastic transformation, a cancer therapy that involves inhibition of autophagy could be counterproductive... Moreover, c

BPC-157 vs TB-500

BPC-157 and TB-500 are both potent healing peptides with vast amounts of research investigating their properties and potential uses. Both are also synthetic derivatives of naturally occurring proteins that have been modified to enhance their already abundant features. Both peptides have been shown to improve immune function, enhance healing throughout the body, and even counteract some of the effects of aging. Still, BPC-157 vs TB-500 is a valid comparison as these two peptides are not the same

P21 Peptide’s Effects on Dopamine and Parkinson’s

## Parent Protein (CNTF) of P21 Peptide Rescues Dopamine Neurons. “Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has a neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons. Nam et al. report that the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 expressed on astrocytes mediates the production of endogenous CNTF to inhibit degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease.” “Currently there is no neuroprotective or neurorestorative therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Here we report that transient rece

What Does Sermorelin Do and How Does it Work?

## What Does Sermorelin Do? Sermorelin is one of the most widely tested and researched peptides in the world. According to Richard Walker, Ph.D., Sermorelin may offer a natural solution to the slow, but steady decline of growth hormone that we all experience as we age. This may not sound like much, but keep in mind that waning growth hormone levels have been linked to everything from lost muscle tone to increasing cardiovascular disease and

SS-31 and MOTS-c: Peptides Targeting Mitochondrial Function and Aging

Peptide Research for Neurocognitive Improvement

Cognition is a complex system encompassing processes such as episodic memory, working memory, executive function/inhibition, spatial learning, language/vocabulary comprehension, processing speed, and language/reading decoding. Changes in synaptic plasticity, the ability of the brain to change and adapt to new information, can be short lived from milliseconds to years. Short lived forms include facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation which enhances neurotransmitter release. These dynamic cha

How Does Thymosin Beta 4 Target Kidney Dysfunction?

## Systemic Gene Therapy with Thymosin β4 Alleviates Glomerular Injury in Mice “Collectively, we propose that TB4 gene therapy prevents podocyte injury and maintains glomerular filtration via modulation of the podocyte cytoskeleton thus presenting a novel treatment strategy for glomerular disease.” (1)

GHRP-2 vs GHRP-6

When it comes to similar peptides, it is hard to find two that share more in common than GHPR 2 and GHRP 6. Interestingly, despite their similarities in structure and name, there are important differences between GHRP 2 vs GHRP 6 that can make or break the effectiveness of each peptide in a given situation. Read on to learn more about how these peptides are similar to and different from one another. ## GHRP 2 vs GHRP 6: Summary Both GHRP 2 and [GHRP

Gonadorelin vs HCG

Both gonadorelin and HCG are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor agonists. HCG is a natural compound produced by the placenta and created commercially using recombinant genetic techniques (though it was once harvested from the placentas of animals). Gonadorelin is a synthetic peptide produced using biochemical techniques. While these two compounds have similar effects because they act on the same receptor, they are not identical. Research indicates that gonadorelin may have an extende

Oral Peptides

Many peptides need to be administered parenterally, which is to say they need to bypass the gastrointestinal system (stomach, intestines, etc.). The most common means of parenteral administration is via injection, but there are other methods including nasal inhalation, topical creams, suppositories, eye drops, and more. But, the most convenient way to take something is by mouth – it is quick, simple, and painless. So, why is it that so many peptides need to be taken by injection? The answer come

​Immune Function and the Gut and Thymosin Alpha1

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a major component of Thymosin Fraction 5 found in the thymus. The thymus is responsible for regulating the immune system. Thymosin Alpha-1 is prescribed to optimize the performance of your immune health and improve general wellness by preventing infections such as the common cold or the flu. It acts to augment T-cell function; T-cells are a part of the adaptive immune system which fights off infection.

How Does FOXO4-DRI Target Diabetes and Fibrosis?

## FOXO4 peptide targets myofibroblast ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through ECM-receptor interaction pathway “In this study, we explored the effect of FOXO4-DRI on bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF mouse model. We found that similar as the approved medication Pirfenidone, FOXO4-DRI decreased senescent cells, downregulated the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and attenuated BLM-induced morphological changes and collagen deposition. Furthermore,