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Programmed cell death, better known as apoptosis, is crucial in eliminating abnormal or unwanted cells in the body.[2] In recent years, the complex pathways regulating apoptosis have been well-studied as potential therapy targets.[2,10] Parkinson's disease (PD) is no exception since the leading cause of this disorder is the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain ( **see Fig.1)**.[1-4] PD is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that steals a person's ability to control moveme
Neurogenesis
Parkinson's Research
**in Parkinson's disease** The interpretation of the role of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been vital in the development of experimental therapies.[1,8] Oxidative stress is driven by an inequality of free radicals and antioxidants (defenses).[1] The oxidative stress causes symptoms like muscle pain, memory loss, fatigue, and headache. [1,8] Several articles show that oxidative stress promotes the progression of neuron dysfunction and neuronal mortality. [1,6] Some in
Neurogenesis
Parkinson's Research
Exosomes are tiny membrane-bound vesicles (30–150 nm) released by virtually all cell types as part of their communication system. These vesicles originate from the inward budding of endosomal membranes, forming multivesicular bodies (MVBs) within the cell. When these MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane, they release the enclosed exosomes into the extracellular environment. This distinct biogenesis pathway sets exosomes apart from other extracellular vesicles, such as micro vesicles or apoptotic b
Repair and Recovery Research
Stem Cell Research
SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic ERR agonist that mimics exercise benefits by enhancing cellular energy metabolism.
cellular-energy
err-agonist
exercise-mimetic
Bronchogen is a short peptide derived from bronchial/lung tissue that may help regulate and protect lung tissue, supporting repair and reducing inflammation.
Bioregulators
Bronchogen
Immune Function
PHDP5 is a synthetic peptide showing promise in reducing beta-amyloid and tau protein accumulation in Alzheimer's disease models.
Alzheimer's Research
Cognition
Neurogenesis
Testagen is a peptide derived from testicular tissue that supports testicular function, spermatogenesis, and steroidogenesis through gene expression modulation.
Bioregulators
Testagen
VIP peptide shows therapeutic potential in delaying disc degeneration through FGFR2/FRS/AKT pathway modulation.
disc-degeneration
fgf18
regeneration
NAD+ is essential for cellular energy production, DNA repair, and activating longevity-associated sirtuins.
Cellular Energy (Mitochondrial Function)
Hallmarks of Aging
longevity
Tesamorelin is a GHRH analog that addresses age-related growth hormone decline and visceral adiposity accumulation.
growth-hormone
longevity
metabolic-health
Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived peptide with broad cytoprotective actions, protecting brain, heart, and pancreatic cells from stress and aging.
Cellular Energy (Mitochondrial Function)
longevity
MOTS-c
Understanding the difference between biological and chronological age, and how lifestyle factors influence cellular aging.
Hallmarks of Aging
longevity
Telomere Research