Longevity 52 min read January 27, 2026

NAD⁺ and Glutathione: Anti-Aging Research Benefits & Synergistic Potential

NAD⁺ and glutathione are key molecules in longevity science, with roles in cellular energy, DNA repair, and antioxidant defense.

NAD⁺ and Glutathione: Anti-Aging Research Benefits & Synergistic Potential

Aging is inevitable, but emerging research suggests that its rate may be modulated by molecular interventions. In the rapidly advancing field of longevity science, two molecular factors—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and glutathione (GSH)—have gained prominence for their roles in healthy aging. NAD⁺ is a coenzyme central to metabolic energy production and DNA repair, while GSH is the predominant intracellular antioxidant. Both NAD⁺ and glutathione levels decline with age, a change that can compromise cellular function and resilience. This article examines the roles of NAD⁺ and glutathione in aging, their individual contributions to cellular homeostasis, and how enhancing their levels—individually or in combination—might promote a longer health span.

NAD⁺

NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a ubiquitous coenzyme present in every cell. It plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolism by facilitating the transfer of electrons in critical biochemical pathways, thereby driving the production of ATP. NAD⁺ continuously cycles between an oxidized form (NAD⁺) and a reduced form (NADH) by accepting and donating electrons. Through this redox cycle, NAD⁺ powers metabolic reactions in glycolysis, the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Without sufficient NAD⁺, cellular energy production is severely impaired.

Beyond its metabolic role, NAD⁺ is also consumed by several enzymes crucial for cellular maintenance. Sirtuins (a family of longevity-associated proteins) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs, which are DNA repair enzymes) both require NAD⁺ as a substrate. Accordingly, NAD⁺ availability is intimately linked to genomic stability, stress resistance, and cell survival. In young organisms, NAD⁺ levels are high, supporting robust sirtuin activity. With aging, however, NAD⁺ concentrations decline substantially—studies estimate that tissues can lose over 50% of their NAD⁺ between youth and old age. This drop is attributed to a combination of increased NAD⁺ consumption (for instance, chronic inflammation elevates the NAD⁺-degrading enzyme CD38, and accumulating DNA damage hyperactivates PARPs) and decreased NAD⁺ synthesis. The outcome is a form of cellular energy deficit: low NAD⁺ impairs mitochondrial function, slows DNA repair, and reduces sirtuin activity. These changes are detrimental to healthy aging.

Conversely, restoring NAD⁺ levels in animal models have shown promising rejuvenating effects. In aged mice, supplementation with NAD⁺ precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)—forms of vitamin B3—significantly increases NAD⁺ availability and leads to improved cellular energy metabolism and better physiological function. Treated old mice become more physically active and exhibit improvements in various age-related markers (such as insulin sensitivity and reduced DNA damage). Notably, elevating NAD⁺ can extend lifespan in certain organisms and consistently improve health span (the period of life spent in good health) in many rodent studies. These findings have motivated human clinical trials of NAD⁺-boosting interventions, with the hope that mid-life “repletion” of NAD⁺ in humans might similarly slow aspects of the aging process.

Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is a small peptide—specifically, a tripeptide composed of the amino acids glutamate, cysteine, and glycine—that serves as the cell’s primary intracellular antioxidant. It is often referred to as the “master antioxidant” due to its abundance and central role in neutralizing oxidative threats. GSH exists in two states: the reduced form (GSH), which can donate electrons to neutralize free radicals, and the oxidized form (GSSG), which consists of two glutathione molecules linked by a disulfide bond after electron donation. In healthy cells, more than 98% of glutathione is maintained in the reduced (active) form; this high GSH-to-GSSG ratio is a biochemical indicator of a youthful, well-functioning cellular environment.

_Structure of glutathione (GSH), a small tripeptide (glu–cys–gly). The thiol (–SH) group on cysteine donates electrons to neutralize free radicals,_ _converting GSH to GSSG (two linked glutathione molecules). Cells recycle GSSG back to GSH using NADPH, maintaining a reservoir of antioxidant capacity._

Functionally, glutathione protects cells by directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) harmful free radicals and peroxides generated by metabolism and stress. GSH readily donates electrons to ROS, converting GSH to GSSG and preventing these oxidants from damaging DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. In doing so, glutathione essentially “sacrifices” itself to shield other cellular components. The oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is then recycled back to GSH by glutathione reductase using NADPH, which sustains the cell’s antioxidant capacity. In addition to scavenging ROS, glutathione detoxifies harmful substances (including xenobiotics and heavy metals) by conjugating with them to facilitate their excretion, and it assists in regenerating other antioxidants such as vitamins C and E. Through these actions, glutathione helps maintain an optimal intracellular redox state that is crucial for normal cellular function.

The relevance of glutathione to aging is highlighted by the oxidative stress theory of aging, which posits that accumulated oxidative damage is a major contributor to tissue aging and age-related disease. Consistent with this theory, glutathione levels tend to decrease with age in many tissues, leaving cells more susceptible to oxidative damage. In older adults, low GSH levels in blood and organs have been correlated with frailty, cognitive decline, and the presence of chronic diseases. Conversely, some exceptionally long-lived individuals (healthy centenarians) have been found to maintain glutathione concentrations and redox balances comparable to those of much younger adults. This observation suggests that preserved glutathione status may be one factor contributing to healthier aging. High glutathione levels could help limit oxidative damage and inflammation, thereby protecting tissues from the accelerated aging seen in the general elderly population.

The body has innate mechanisms to regulate and replenish glutathione. GSH synthesis is controlled by glutamate-cysteine ligase (the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione production) and depends on the availability of precursor amino acids, especially cysteine. When oxidative stress rises, the transcription factor NRF2 activates and induces the expression of genes involved in glutathione synthesis and utilization, boosting the cell’s antioxidant defenses. However, with advanced age, these adaptive responses may become less effective. This has led researchers to explore whether providing glutathione precursors can support GSH levels in older individuals. Supplements such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glycine, which supply key building blocks for glutathione, have been investigated in this context. Early clinical studies of combined NAC and glycine supplementation (sometimes termed “GlyNAC”) in elderly subjects have shown promising results, including improvements in oxidative stress markers, inflammation, and other health metrics.

In summary, glutathione acts as a critical detoxifier and protector within cells, constantly neutralizing toxic byproducts and reactive species. Maintaining robust glutathione levels as we age is thought to be crucial for preserving cellular homeostasis and preventing damage accumulation. Unsurprisingly, glutathione has become a focal point in longevity research as a potential key to sustaining cellular health during aging.

Why They Matter for Healthy Aging

Both NAD⁺ and glutathione are central to cellular health, and their combined roles are particularly compelling in the context of aging—a complex process marked by mitochondrial dysfunction, redox imbalance, chronic inflammation, and genomic instability. Maintaining adequate levels of both molecules may help address several hallmarks of aging simultaneously.

Mitochondrial Function: Mitochondria, the cell’s energy generator, lose efficiency with age. NAD⁺ is critical for mitochondrial metabolism and activates sirtuins like SIRT3, which enhances mitochondrial performance. Glutathione, meanwhile, is essential for neutralizing mitochondrial ROS. Together, NAD⁺ and GSH sustain energy production and limit oxidative damage. Studies show that SIRT3 activation (via NAD⁺) increases mitochondrial NADPH and supports glutathione regeneration—an effect lost in NAD⁺ or SIRT3-deficient states. This underscores their interdependence in preserving mitochondrial health.

Redox Balance: Aging is accompanied by rising oxidative stress. NAD⁺ and glutathione form the core of the antioxidant defense system. NAD⁺ enables NADPH production, which is required to recycle oxidized glutathione (GSSG) back to its active form (GSH). GSH directly scavenges ROS, protecting cellular structures. When NAD⁺ and GSH decline, redox imbalance and inflammation rise. For instance, senescent cells can drive CD38 overexpression, depleting NAD⁺ and worsening oxidative stress. Boosting NAD⁺ or inhibiting CD38 helps sustain GSH availability and reduce inflammation.

DNA Repair & Detoxification: Daily DNA damage requires active repair systems. NAD⁺ fuels PARPs for DNA repair and supports sirtuins like SIRT1, which maintain genomic stability and promote antioxidant defenses. However, excessive damage can over activate PARPs, draining NAD⁺. Glutathione helps by preventing oxidative DNA damage, reducing the burden on NAD⁺-dependent repair. GSH also detoxifies harmful metabolic byproducts, reducing cellular waste that could drive inflammation or damage. In this way, NAD⁺ supports genomic maintenance and autophagy, while GSH prevents and clears molecular debris.

Together, NAD⁺ and glutathione preserve energy production, control oxidative stress, regulate inflammation, and support cellular repair—addressing multiple aging mechanisms. This synergy is reflected in animal models, where boosting NAD⁺ or GSH improves muscle strength, insulin sensitivity, cognition, and overall function. Conversely, deficiencies in either molecule are linked to accelerated aging and nearly all age-related diseases. In essence, NAD⁺ and glutathione are foundational to cellular homeostasis—and when they decline, dysfunction takes hold.

Synergy Spotlight: When NAD⁺ Meets Glutathione While NAD⁺ and glutathione have distinct functions, growing evidence shows they also influence each other’s activity. Enhancing one can support the other, creating a positive feedback loop. Multiple mechanisms of crosstalk between them suggest that targeting both may be more effective than focusing on either alone.

A well-studied example of this synergy involves the mitochondrial enzyme SIRT3, an NAD⁺-dependent deacetylase that strengthens mitochondrial antioxidant defenses. When NAD⁺ is abundant, SIRT3 activates IDH2, which generates NADPH used by glutathione reductase to regenerate GSH from GSSG. In mice, SIRT3 activation (via calorie restriction or genetic overexpression) increases mitochondrial NADPH and GSH, reducing oxidative damage. These benefits disappear in SIRT3-deficient animals. This NAD⁺ → SIRT3 → NADPH → GSH pathway may explain why NAD⁺ supplementation restores mitochondrial function and reduces oxidative stress in aged mice.

Another point of convergence is inflammation. NAD⁺-dependent sirtuins (like SIRT1) reduce inflammation by deacetylating NF-κB, while glutathione counters inflammation by neutralizing ROS and supporting antioxidant defenses. The NRF2 pathway, which regulates many GSH-related genes, can be influenced by NAD⁺/sirtuin activity. When both NAD⁺ and GSH are sufficient, cells maintain redox balance and low inflammation. But if NAD⁺ falls (e.g., due to increased CD38 activity), GSH may also drop, triggering oxidative stress and further NAD⁺ depletion—a vicious cycle. Together, NAD⁺ and glutathione serve as co-regulators of oxidative stress and inflammation.

There’s also direct biochemical synergy. Glutathione can spare NAD⁺ by reducing oxidative DNA damage and limiting PARP activation, which consumes NAD⁺. Conversely, high NAD⁺ availability ensures continued NADPH production, allowing glutathione recycling even under oxidative stress. This mutual protection helps explain why NAD⁺ boosters can exhibit anti-inflammatory effects—they indirectly preserve GSH function and redox homeostasis.

In terms of metabolism, both molecules support detoxification and mitochondrial efficiency. The liver depends on NAD⁺ for key metabolic processes and on glutathione to neutralize reactive byproducts. Aging-related declines in both lead to oxidative damage and impaired metabolic homeostasis. Animal studies show that restoring either molecule improves insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, and metabolic health. Combining NAD⁺ and GSH precursors (e.g., NR or NMN with NAC or glycine) may yield greater benefits than either alone, particularly in high-demand organs like the brain and heart.

NAD⁺ and glutathione are biochemically intertwined in numerous ways. Elevating NAD⁺ can enhance glutathione’s protective capacity (by increasing NADPH generation and activating sirtuins), and increasing glutathione can help preserve NAD⁺ (by reducing NAD⁺ consumption in stress responses and supporting mitochondrial efficiency). Maintaining both molecules creates a reinforcing cycle of improved cellular function and stress resistance. This recognition has prompted longevity researchers to explore combined interventions that target both NAD⁺ and GSH, on the premise that bolstering both simultaneously may yield greater benefits for health span.

Research Highlights: What Science Shows

Cell & Animal Studies:

Experimental models have shown that increasing NAD⁺ or glutathione enhances cellular resilience to oxidative stress, while depleting either increases vulnerability. In vitro, cells with elevated NAD⁺ or supplemented with NAC maintain redox balance and resist inflammatory signaling. In vivo, aged mice treated with NAD⁺ precursors (like NMN) show improved metabolism, muscle strength, immune function, and activity. Similarly, GlyNAC supplementation (glycine + NAC) extended lifespan by 24%, improved mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative damage, and raised both NAD⁺ and GSH levels—far outperforming glycine alone. These results suggest synergy between NAD⁺ and GSH interventions in improving healthspan and reversing aging hallmarks.

Human Observational Data:

Human studies reflect similar trends. NAD⁺ levels decline with age in skin, liver, and cerebrospinal fluid—more sharply in men during midlife. Glutathione also decreases with age, but centenarians often maintain youthful GSH/GSSG ratios. Higher NAD⁺ and GSH levels correlate with better mobility, strength, and metabolic health, while lower levels are linked to frailty and chronic disease. Some longevity-associated gene variants enhance NAD⁺ maintenance, adding genetic support to their role in healthy aging.

Early-Stage Clinical Trials:

Small trials have shown that NR and NMN safely raise NAD⁺ in older adults and may modestly improve blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and vascular function. Cognitive gains remain inconclusive due to short study durations. On the glutathione side, GlyNAC trials in older adults demonstrated broad improvements: higher GSH levels, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, improved insulin resistance, and enhanced physical performance. These findings suggest glutathione restoration may reverse multiple aging markers—and may even indirectly support NAD⁺ metabolism by reducing its depletion under stress.

Other Trials:

IV glutathione has been studied in conditions like Parkinson’s and fatty liver disease, with mixed results. NAC is already widely used clinically, and one study in older HIV patients found long-term NAC improved immune function. Some wellness clinics offer IV NAD⁺ + glutathione "drips," but rigorous efficacy data is lacking. For now, oral precursors (NR/NMN for NAD⁺; NAC/glycine for GSH) remain the most evidence-backed interventions, with early human studies showing promising metabolic and cellular effects.

Frontiers & Unanswered Questions

Precursor Stacking – Better Together?

Given their complementary roles, combining NAD⁺ and glutathione precursors may offer additive or synergistic benefits. GlyNAC studies in humans and NAD⁺ precursor data in animals support this idea. Trials comparing combinations like NR + NAC versus single agents could clarify efficacy. Optimal dosing strategies—staggered vs. concurrent—also remain to be determined. Because these compounds have strong safety profiles, combined supplementation is a logical next step. Emerging reviews also suggest NAD⁺ precursors might pair well with mitochondrial antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, or sirtuin activators in multi-target “longevity stacks.”

Gene Therapy & Endogenous Enhancement

Future approaches may boost NAD⁺ and glutathione by upregulating biosynthesis or limiting degradation. For NAD⁺, gene therapy to increase NAMPT expression or reduce CD38 activity (a key NAD⁺-degrading enzyme) has shown benefits in mice. CRISPR-based or targeted strategies might one day maintain NAD⁺ in aging tissues. Similarly, for glutathione, enhancing enzymes like glutamate-cysteine ligase or glutathione reductase—or modulating NRF2 pathways—could restore antioxidant capacity in older cells. Though still conceptual, these strategies offer long-term potential to reprogram aging metabolism from within.

Novel Delivery Systems

Delivering NAD⁺ and glutathione effectively remains a key challenge. Oral supplements have absorption limits, prompting development of liposomal formulations, intranasal NAD⁺ sprays, and nanoparticle-based co-delivery systems. For glutathione, newer forms like NAC amide and liposomal GSH may improve cellular uptake. Intravenous (IV) combinations are already used in wellness clinics, though clinical validation is limited. In controlled settings—such as post-operative care or geriatric rehabilitation—IV delivery might accelerate restoration of NAD⁺ and GSH. These methods remain experimental but reflect growing innovation in bioavailability.

Personalization & Biomarkers

Aging trajectories vary, so individualized interventions may be more effective. Some people may benefit more from NAD⁺ support, others from glutathione. In the future, providers could tailor therapies based on biomarker testing—measuring NAD⁺, GSH, or the GSH:GSSG ratio. As such tests become more accessible, they may guide both preventative strategies and treatment adjustments, similar to how cholesterol panels inform cardiovascular care. Ultimately, defining optimal NAD⁺ and glutathione ranges by age—and learning how to maintain them—will be key to effective personalization. Conclusion In the end, NAD⁺ and glutathione serve as a reminder that some of the most critical elements of health are invisible molecules working behind the scenes in every cell. Supporting these molecular guardians is emerging as a promising strategy to foster longevity. The story of NAD⁺ and GSH also highlights the interconnected nature of aging biology: metabolic regulation, redox balance, and DNA repair are intertwined facets of the aging process. While much remains to be discovered about “solving” the complex puzzle of aging, NAD⁺ and glutathione are key pieces. Ongoing and future research will reveal how these pieces fit into the larger picture of extending human health span. In the meantime, NAD⁺ and glutathione will continue to be prominent in the research spotlight—holding significant promise for enhancing healthy aging.

Conclusion

In the end, NAD⁺ and glutathione serve as a reminder that some of the most critical elements of health are invisible molecules working behind the scenes in every cell. Supporting these molecular guardians is emerging as a promising strategy to foster longevity. The story of NAD⁺ and GSH also highlights the interconnected nature of aging biology: metabolic regulation, redox balance, and DNA repair are intertwined facets of the aging process. While much remains to be discovered about “solving” the complex puzzle of aging, NAD⁺ and glutathione are key pieces. Ongoing and future research will reveal how these pieces fit into the larger picture of extending human health span. In the meantime, NAD⁺ and glutathione will continue to be prominent in the research spotlight—holding significant promise for enhancing healthy aging.

References (2015–2025):

[Verdin E. NAD⁺ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208–1213. PMID: 26785480.](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4854 "NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration")

[Fang EF, Lautrup S, et al. NAD⁺ in aging: molecular mechanisms and translational implications. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23(10):899–916. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.001.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.001 "NAD+ in Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Translational Implications")

[Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of NAD⁺-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):529–547. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011 "Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence")

[Baur JA. Age-related NAD⁺ decline. Exp Gerontol. 2020;134:110888. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110888. (Discusses evidence for NAD⁺ decline in tissues and mechanisms.)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.110888 "Age-related NAD+ decline")

[Covarrubias AJ, et al. Senescent cells promote tissue NAD⁺ decline during ageing via the activation of CD38⁺ macrophages. Nat Metab. 2020;2(11):1265–1283. DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00305-3.](https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-00305-3 "Senescent cells promote tissue NAD+ decline during ageing via the activation of CD38+ macrophages")

[Hogan KA, Chini CCS, Chini EN. The multi-faceted ecto-enzyme CD38: roles in immunomodulation, cancer, aging, and metabolic diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1187. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01187.](https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01187 "The Multi-faceted Ecto-enzyme CD38: Roles in Immunomodulation, Cancer, Aging, and Metabolic Diseases")

[Peclat TR, et al. CD38 inhibitor 78c increases mice lifespan and healthspan in a model of chronological aging. Aging Cell. 2022;21(4):e13589. DOI: 10.1111/acel.13589.](https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13589 "CD38 inhibitor 78c increases mice lifespan and healthspan in a model of chronological aging")

[Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Glutathione: a Samsonian life-sustaining small molecule that protects against oxidative stress, ageing and damaging inflammation. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1007816. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1007816.](https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1007816 "Glutathione: A Samsonian life-sustaining small molecule that protects against oxidative stress, ageing and damaging inflammation")

[Giustarini D, et al. How to increase cellular glutathione. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12(5):1094. DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051094.](https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051094 "How to Increase Cellular Glutathione")

[Sharma A, et al. Potential synergistic supplementation of NAD⁺-promoting compounds as a strategy for increasing healthspan. Nutrients. 2023;15(2):445. DOI: 10.3390/nu15020445.](https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020445 "Potential Synergistic Supplementation of NAD+ Promoting Compounds as a Strategy for Increasing Healthspan")

[Miller RA, et al. Glycine supplementation extends lifespan of male mice. Aging Cell. 2019;18(3):e12953. DOI: 10.1111/acel.12953. (ITP study showing modest lifespan extension with glycine.)](https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12953 "Glycine supplementation extends lifespan of male and female mice")

[Kumar P, et al. Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, genotoxicity, muscle strength, and cognition: results of a pilot clinical trial. Clin Transl Med. 2021;11(3):e372. DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.372.](https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.372 "Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, genotoxicity, muscle strength, and cognition: Results of a pilot clinical trial")

[Kumar P, et al. Supplementing glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, physical function, and aging hallmarks: a randomized clinical trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023;78(1):75–89. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac135.](https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glac135 "Supplementing Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Older Adults Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Physical Function, and Aging Hallmarks: A Randomized Clinical Trial")

[Yoshino M, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224–1229. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9985.](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe9985 "Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women")

[Martens CR, et al. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation elevates NAD⁺ and reduces blood pressure in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1286. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03421-7.](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03421-7 "Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults")

[Orr ME, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. GeroScience. 2024;46(1):665–682. DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00999-9.](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00999-9 "A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment")

[Chini EN, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS. NAD⁺ and the aging process: role in life, death and everything in between. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;455:62–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.003.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.003 "NAD and the aging process: Role in life, death and everything in between")

[Moon JS, et al. ATP exposure stimulates glutathione efflux as a necessary switch for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Redox Biol. 2021;41:101930. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101930.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2021.101930 "ATP exposure stimulates glutathione efflux as a necessary switch for NLRP3 inflammasome activation")

Iskusnykh IY, Zakharova AA, Pathak D. Glutathione in brain disorders and aging. Molecules. 2022;27(1):324. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010324.

[López-Otín C, et al. Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe. Cell. 2023;186(2):243–278. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001. (Comprehensive review updating biological hallmarks, including loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc., relevant to NAD⁺/GSH context.)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001 "Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe")

Product available for research use only:

Posted in: NAD+ Glutathione Antioxidants Cellular Energy (Mitochondrial Function)") Hallmarks of Aging

Be the first to know

Receive all the latest information on events, sales, & offers.

Terms and Conditions of Purchase

Your Use of Our Web Site

Unless specified otherwise, your use of this Web Site is governed by this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and the Privacy Policy, which is incorporated herein by this reference. In using this Web Site, you are prohibited from modifying, distributing, transmitting, reproducing, publishing, licensing, transferring, or selling any information, products or services obtained or viewed on this Web Site. However, you may display, download, or print hard copies of any material contained on this Web Site for your own personal, non-commercial use as long as you do not modify the content or delete any copyright, trademark, or other proprietary notice. Any other use of the information contained on this Web Site is prohibited without our express written consent.

All ACH/e-Check payments will be made payable to:

P-Sciences, Inc.

Each time I (the customer) places an ACH/e-Check order by clicking the "Place Order" button, I am authorizing to initiate a single ACH/electronic debit to my account in the amount of my order from the bank account information provided on the date of my order. I agree that ACH transactions I authorize comply with all applicable law. Payments made after 11 P.M. pacific time will be applied as of the next business day. To complete the payment process, click the “Place Order” button. Once payment is authorized, there cannot be any changes or corrections. It is recommended that you print a copy of this authorization and maintain it for your records.

Use of Information

This Web site provides information that, while useful, must not be used as a substitute for the advice of your own advisors. Information available from this Web Site is not intended to be used to diagnose any medical condition or disease. Products on this website are sold for laboratory research purposes only.

reserves the right to correct any inaccuracies or typographical errors in the information posted on this Web Site, and shall have no liability for such errors. Information may be changed or updated without notice and prices and availability of goods and services are subject to change without notice.

DISCLAIMER:

YOU MUST BE OVER 21 YEARS OLD TO USE THIS WEBSITE.

The products we offer are intended for IN-VITRO LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY-- NOT FOR HUMAN USE.

In purchasing any of these items, the customer acknowledges that there are risks involved with consumption or distribution of these products.

These chemicals are NOT intended to use as food additives, drugs, household chemicals or other inappropriate applications.

The listing of a material on this site does not constitute a license to its use in infringement of any patent.

All of the products will be handled only by qualified and properly trained RESEARCH or LABORATORY professionals only.

Due to the nature of these products ALL SALES ARE FINAL. WE CANNOT ACCEPT RETURNS. ALL SALES ARE FINAL.

All customers represent and warrant that through their own review and study that they are fully aware and knowledgeable about the following:

Use of the products and more specifically In-vitro Research use of the products.

Your specific countries Government regulations regarding the use of and exposure to all products.

The health and safety hazards associated with the handling of the products they purchase.

The necessity of adequately warning of the health and safety hazards associated with any products.

reserves the right to limit and/or deny sales of products to any unqualified individuals. All customers MUST be at least 21 years of age to purchase our products. IN NO CIRCUMSTANCE SHALL BE LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER PURCHASER'S CLAIM IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE. IN DIRECT CONSIDERATION OF APPROVING THE SALE OF ANY PRODUCT TO THE PURCHASER, THE PURCHASER AGREES TO INDEMNIFY AND HOLD US HARMLESS FROM ALL CLAIMS, EXPENSES, LOSSES AND LIABILITY OF ANY TYPE ARISING OUT OF THE PURCHASER'S HANDLING, POSSESSION, AND/OR USE OF THE PRODUCT, WHETHER USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ANY SUBSTANCE. ANY SALE WOULD BE DENIED OTHERWISE.

PRODUCT USE:

products are intended for laboratory IN-VITRO RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY-- NOT FOR HUMAN USE and are not to be used for any other purposes, including but not limited to food and/or drugs, medical devices, vitro diagnostic purpose, or for commercial purposes. The purchaser agrees that the products have not been sterilized or tested by for safety and efficacy in food, drug, medical device, cosmetic, commercial or any other use. The purchaser expressly represents and warrants to that the purchaser will properly test, use, manufacture and market any products purchased from and/or materials produced with products purchased from in accordance with the practices of a reliable person who is experienced in the field and in strict compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, now and hereinafter enacted. The purchaser further warrants that any material produced with any product shall not be adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and shall not be materials which may not, under Sections 404, 505, or 512 of the Act, be introduced into interstate commerce.

The purchaser realizes that, since products are, unless otherwise stated, intended solely for in-vitro research purposes, they may not be on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) inventory listing. The purchaser assumes responsibility to assure that the products purchased from are approved for use under TSCA, if applicable.

Purchaser has the responsibility to verify the hazards and to conduct any further research necessary to learn the hazards involved in using products purchased from Purchaser agrees to comply with instructions, if any, furnished by relating to the use of the products and not misuse the products in any manner. No products purchased from shall, unless otherwise stated, be considered to be foods, drugs, or medical devices.

ALL products and services offered are for IN-VITRO RESEARCH purposes ONLY and are NOT TO BE INGESTED or CONSUMED IN ANY MANNER.

ALL PRODUCTS SOLD BY THE ARE NOT TO BE USED FOR PERSONAL USE OR FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANY MEDICAL CONDITION OR DISEASE.

Under NO circumstances shall/ should ANY of these materials be used for recreational purposes nor human consumption of any kind.

is NOT liable for ANY damages that may be caused by negligence, abuse, or ANY other unforeseen matter.

All items sold are legal for sale for IN-VITRO RESEARCH PURPOSES SPECIFICALLY within the USA.

Trade-Marks and Other Intellectual Property Rights

"" is a registered trademark of

All text, graphics, user interfaces, visual interfaces, photographs, trademarks, logos, sounds, music, artwork and computer code (collectively, "Content"), including but not limited to the design, structure, selection, coordination, expression, "look and feel" and arrangement of such Content, contained on this Web Site is owned, controlled or licensed by or to and is protected by copyright, patent and trademark laws, and various other intellectual property rights and unfair competition laws.

Except as expressly provided in this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement, no part of this Web Site and no Content may be copied, reproduced, republished, uploaded, posted, publicly displayed, encoded, translated, transmitted or distributed in any way (including "mirroring") to any other computer, server, web site or other medium for publication or distribution or for any commercial enterprise, without express prior written consent.

Indemnity

You hereby agree to indemnify and hold and our subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, agents, co-branders, partners, and employees harmless from any claim or demand, including reasonable attorney's fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of your use of the content on this Web Site, or any content you submit, post, or transmit through this Web Site, your use of this Web Site, your connection to this Web site, your violation of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement, or your violation of any rights of another.

Links/Software

Links from or to websites outside this Web Site are meant for convenience only. does not review, endorse, approve or control, and is not responsible for any sites linked from or to this Web Site, the content of those sites, the third parties named therein, or their products or services. Linking to any other site is at your sole risk and will not be responsible or liable for any damages in connection with linking. disclaims all warranties, express and implied as to the accuracy, validity and legality of any materials or information found on those sites. Links to downloadable software sites are for convenience only and is not responsible or liable for any difficulties or consequences associated with downloading the software. Use of any downloaded software is governed by the terms of the license agreement, if any, which accompanies or is provided with the software.

Availability of Our Web Site

This Web Site is generally available to users Twenty-four (24) hours per day, Seven (7) days per week, Three Hundred Sixty-five (365) days per year. However, retains the right to make our Web Site unavailable at any time, for any reason, and for any length of time. By using this Web Site you agree that will not be liable for any damage arising out of or related to any such interruption, suspension, or termination of this Web Site and/or the services or products contained therein. Upon acceptance of these terms and conditions of use authorizes you to view the Content on the Web Site solely for your personal use. The material on the Web Site is intended solely for individuals enquiring about products or services. If you are not accessing the Web Site for such purposes, you may not use the Web Site. For certainty, use by non-individuals or the agents, attorneys or representatives of non-individuals is prohibited.

**Information You Provide

Our collection and/or use of any information you provide while using or visiting this Web Site is governed by the Privacy Policy and this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement. By using this Web Site you grant us the rights contained therein. In using this Web Site you may not upload, distribute, or otherwise publish on this Web Site any information which may be viewed as obscene, defamatory, libelous, threatening, abusive, illegal, an invasion of privacy rights, or otherwise objectionable, or may constitute or encourage a violation of any law.

Except for that individually-identifiable information collected from you in accordance with our Privacy Policy, all comments, remarks, suggestions, ideas or other information communicated will become the exclusive property of and you grant to a royalty-free, perpetual, irrevocable, world-wide, non-exclusive license to use or reproduce the same. is free to copy, disclose, distribute or analyze any such information for any and all purposes and are in no way obligated to compensate you for any such information.

Disclaimer of Warranties

PROVIDES CONTENT ON THIS WEB SITE AS A SERVICE TO YOU, OUR CUSTOMER. THIS WEB SITE CANNOT AND DOES NOT, CONTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT ALL APPLICATIONS FOR PRODUCTS SOLD. IT MAY NOT CONTAIN ALL INFORMATION THAT IS APPLICABLE TO YOUR PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES OR YOUR USE OF PRODUCTS SOLD. THE CONTENT OF THIS WEB SITE, THE WEB SITE SERVER THAT MAKES IT AVAILABLE, AND THE SERVICES AND PRODUCTS PROVIDES ON THIS WEB SITE, ARE PROVIDED ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY. EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR TECHNICAL FAILURES (INCLUDING HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE FAILURES), INCOMPLETE, SCRAMBLED OR DELAYED COMPUTER TRANSMISSIONS, AND/OR TECHNICAL INACCURACIES, AS WELL AS UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS OF USER TRANSMISSIONS BY THIRD PARTIES. FURTHER, DOES NOT REPRESENT OR WARRANT THAT NO VIRUSES OR OTHER CONTAMINATING OR DESTRUCTIVE PROPERTIES WILL BE TRANSMITTED, OR THAT NO DAMAGE WILL OCCUR TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM. YOU HAVE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ADEQUATE PROTECTION AND BACKUP OF DATA AND/OR EQUIPMENT AND TO TAKE ALL PRECAUTIONS TO SCAN FOR COMPUTER VIRUSES OR OTHER DESTRUCTIVE PROPERTIES. BY YOUR USE OF THIS WEB SITE, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT SUCH USE IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK, INCLUDING RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH ALL NECESSARY SERVICING OR REPAIRS OF ANY EQUIPMENT YOU USE IN CONNECTION WITH THIS WEB SITE.

TO THE FULL EXTENT NOT PRECLUDED BY APPLICABLE LAW THEIR MEDICAL ADVISORS, SUPPLIERS, CONSULTANTS, DIRECTORS AND EMPLOYEES DISCLAIM AND EXCLUDE ALL WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO ALL CONTENT, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY. THIS DISCLAIMER INCLUDES, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES OR MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. DOES NOT WARRANT THE CONTENT TO BE ACCURATE, COMPLETE OR CURRENT. DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THIS WEB SITE WILL OPERATE WITHOUT ERROR, THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED OR THAT THIS WEB SITE OR THE WEB SITE SERVER MAKING IT AVAILABLE ARE FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS. PRICE AND AVAILABILITY CONTENT, AS WELL AS OTHER CONTENT CONTAINED IN THIS WEB SITE OR ACCESSIBLE THEREFROM, IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT DOES NOT ENDORSE THE CONTENT OF ANY SITE ACCESSED VIA LINKS OR OTHER MEANS FROM THIS WEB SITE AND IT IS NOT RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR SUCH CONTENT EVEN THOUGH IT MAY BE UNLAWFUL, HARASSING, LIBELOUS, PRIVACY INVADING, ABUSIVE, THREATENING, HARMFUL, OBSCENE, OR OTHERWISE OBJECTIONABLE, OR THAT IT INFRINGES OR MAY INFRINGE THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OR OTHER RIGHTS OF ANOTHER PERSON.

THIS WEB SITE INCLUDES CONTENT PROVIDED BY THIRD PARTIES AND YOU, OUR CUSTOMER. IS A DISTRIBUTOR OF SUCH CONTENT AND NOT ITS PUBLISHER. EDITORIAL CONTROL OF SUCH CONTENT IS THE SAME AS THAT OF A PUBLIC LIBRARY OR NEWSSTAND. THIRD PARTY SUPPLIERS MAY EXPRESS CERTAIN OPINIONS OR PROVIDE CERTAIN INFORMATION AND OFFERS. MAKES NO WARRANTIES AS TO THE COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, OR RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION OR OFFERS SUPPLIED BY THIRD PARTIES. DOES NOT GUARANTEE OR WARRANT THE PERFORMANCE OF ANY THIRD PARTY, INCLUDING ANY SUCH THIRD PARTY’S CONFORMANCE TO ANY LAW, RULE, REGULATION OR POLICY.

DOES NOT WARRANT THAT INFORMATION, SERVICES, AND PRODUCTS CONTAINED IN THIS WEB SITE WILL SATISFY YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR THAT THEY ARE ERROR OR DEFECT-FREE. BEFORE USING ANY PRODUCT YOU SHOULD CONFIRM ANY INFORMATION OF IMPORTANCE TO YOU ON THE PRODUCT PACKAGING. YOU ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACCURACY, APPROPRIATENESS AND LEGALITY OF ANY INFORMATION YOU SUPPLY

AS PARTIAL CONSIDERATION FOR YOUR ACCESS TO THIS WEB SITE AND USE OF ITS CONTENT, YOU AGREE THAT IS NOT LIABLE TO YOU IN ANY MANNER WHATSOEVER FOR DECISIONS YOU MAY MAKE OR YOUR ACTIONS OR NON-ACTIONS IN RELIANCE UPON THE CONTENT. YOU ALSO AGREE THAT THE AGGREGATE LIABILITY OF ARISING FROM OR RELATED TO YOUR USE AND ACCESS REGARDLESS OF THE FORM OF ACTION OR CLAIM (FOR EXAMPLE, CONTRACT, WARRANTY, TORT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, PROFESSIONAL MALPRACTICE, FRAUD, OR OTHER BASES FOR CLAIMS), IS LIMITED TO THE PURCHASE PRICE OF ANY ITEMS YOU PURCHASED FROM IN THE APPLICABLE TRANSACTION. SHALL NOT IN ANY CASE BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES EVEN IF HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THIS IS A COMPREHENSIVE LIMITATION OF LIABILITY THAT APPLIES TO ALL LOSES AND DAMAGES OF ANY KIND. IF YOU ARE DISSATISFIED WITH THIS WEB SITE OR ITS CONTENT (INCLUDING TERMS OF USE), YOUR SOLE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY IS TO DISCONTINUE USING THIS WEB SITE. BECAUSE SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SUCH LIMITATION MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE TO YOU.

Your Agreement to Abide by All Applicable Laws

By using this Web Site you agree to comply with any and all local, state, or federal laws, statutes, and regulations that relate in any manner to the use of this Web Site and the associated services or products contained thereon.

Relationship between and Users.

and users of our Site are independent contractors, and no agency, partnership, employment or other relationship is created or is intended to be created by the use of our Web Site.

Governing Law and Jurisdiction

This Web Site (excluding linked sites, if any) is administered and controlled by and its affiliates, subsidiaries, officers, directors, employees or agents from its offices in the accordance with the laws of Nevis. You agree that this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and this Web Site will be governed by and construed in accordance Nevis law without giving effect to any principles of conflicts of laws. You access this Web Site and/or associated services of at your own risk, and remain responsible for complying with the laws of the jurisdiction within which you are located.

Prices; Payment Terms; Interest

The prices for the products and services on this Web Site are quoted, for convenience, in United States dollars and shall be as set forth in this Web Site as at the time of acceptance of an order by Prices for Products shall be subject to change without any further notice. Credit terms are within sole discretion, and unless otherwise specified in invoice, payment must be received by prior to acceptance of an order.

Consequences

reserves the right to suspend or terminate your account if you violate the Terms of Use Agreement. If your violation causes harm to others, you agree to indemnify and hold harmless from and against any and all loss, damage, or expense. If any dispute arises between us regarding this Agreement or your use of this Web Site, it shall be resolved through good faith negotiations between the parties.

Entire Agreement

These Terms and Conditions and any terms incorporated or referred to herein constitute the entire agreement between and you relating to your use of this Web Site and the subject matter hereof, and supersede any prior understandings or agreements (whether electronic, oral or written) regarding the subject matter, and may not be amended or modified except in writing, or by making such amendments or modifications in accordance with this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement.

Severability

If any part of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement is deemed or determined to be unenforceable, then such part shall be eliminated or limited to the minimum extent necessary. The remainder of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement, including any revised portion, shall remain and be in full force and effect. This Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement are the entire agreement between us governing your use of this Web Site.

Headings

The headings contained in this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and the Privacy Policy are for reference only.

Force Majeure

shall not be liable for any delay or failure in performance caused by circumstances beyond its reasonable control, including, without limitation, delays due to backorders of requested products, mail delays, customs delays or lost shipments. shall not be responsible to notify the Customer in the event of such delays. The Customer shall be solely responsible to make other arrangements to purchase alternative products and any costs incurred in connection with such purchases.

Thank you again for visiting the Web Site.

Complete Agreement

Except as expressly provided in a particular "legal notice" on this Site, these Terms and Conditions constitute the entire agreement between you and this Site with respect to the use of this Site, and Content. By clicking “I agree” when placing your order, you agree with ALL OF OUR TERMS and CONDITIONS as stated above as well as our Shipping and refunds Policy.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Terms and Conditions of Purchase

Your Use of Our Web Site

Use of Information

DISCLAIMER:

Shipping address will be selected within Apple Pay. Any address entered in checkout will not be used.